With the declaration of SARS-CoV-2 infection as a global pandemic (known as CoronaVirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19)) by the World Health Organization (WHO), Singapore was observed to be among the first few countries affected with this pandemic. Singapore is a densely populated country with a population of 5.7 million where per square population is estimated to be 7866 people1. In such circumstances, the spread of infectious agents is difficult ...

Vaccination is the process of introducing a preparation into the human body that would induce immune system to prepare against the attack of a viral pathogen. Vaccines can be prepared by a number of different methods that make use of either whole viral particle or a part of it. The injected particle is treated in a way that it cannot cause the disease symptoms, yet retains the capability to activate body’s natural immune response. As a resu...

The year 2020 has been recognized as “hard year” for health all around the globe due to the corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The uncertain global environment in terms of health as well as economy paved the way for fear, stress and anxiety in general public. In addition, lock down were implemented in almost all of the countries leading to reduced movement, isolation and social distancing. People from all professions and all age grou...

Hospital acquired infections (HAI), also known as hospital associated infections or nosocomial infections, are defined as the infectious manifestations appearing in a patient who was hospitalized with complaint of some medical condition other than the infectious pathogenesis. Patients can acquire the infectious pathogen while attending different services in a healthcare unit, for example, out-patient department, intensive care unit (ICU), o...